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Volume=20 16, Issue 2 (February 2006)

GSA Today

Article: pp. 24=E2=80=9326 | PDF=20 (219K)

Reginald Aldworth Daly (1871=E2=80=931957): Eclectic Theoretician of = the Earth

James H. Natland

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric = Science,=20 University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA

Table of = Contents:

Acknowledgments=20
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James=20 H. Natland

DOI: = 10.1130/1052-5173(2006)16[0024:RADETO]2.0.CO;2

Reginald Aldworth Daly was an authority in = igneous=20 petrology, structural geology, physiography, geophysics, and marine = geology who=20 wrote cogent syntheses that considered Earth from several vantages. In = his=20 earliest book, he presented what he called an =E2=80=9Ceclectic = theory=E2=80=9D of volcanic=20 action and magmatic differentiation, and thus I describe him as an = =E2=80=9Ceclectic=20 theoretician of the Earth.=E2=80=9D

The son of a tea merchant and a minister's daughter, = Daly was=20 born on a farm near Napanee, southeastern Ontario, the youngest of four = sons and=20 five daughters. Late in his career, he recalled the simple life of a = small town,=20 the high standards of conduct expected by his parents, and an early = introduction=20 to the importance of hard work and wide reading. He was educated in = public=20 schools and attended Victoria College in Ontario (B.A., 1891; S.B., = 1892;=20 instructor in mathematics, 1892). There, inspired by Professor A.P. = Coleman's=20 description of granite (=E2=80=9CThis is made of crystals.=E2=80=9D), he = decided on a career in=20 geology. Encouraged by interviews with Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and = Josiah D.=20 Whitney, Daly commenced graduate studies at Harvard under John E. Wolff, = obtaining his Ph.D. in 1896.

Daly seemed always to absorb the better part of the = knowledge of=20 his mentors and associates. Of the Harvard faculty, Wolff's interests in = ore=20 mineralogy, petrography, and economic geology had the greatest influence = on Daly=20 at this time. Daly also was teaching assistant under Shaler and William = Morris=20 Davis, the latter attuning Daly to an understanding of physiography and=20 planation surfaces. At the same time, Daly formed important lifelong = friendships=20 with two contemporaries, crystallographer Charles Palache and the future = Hawaiian volcanologist, T.A. Jaggar. His closest friend, however, was = Lionel=20 Marks, soon to be a mechanical engineer in the physics department at = Harvard,=20 who introduced Daly to his future wife. These young men shared a = community of=20 mutually reinforcing interests that led them all to positions of = leadership in=20 their fields.

In 1893, Daly began his dissertation study of the = geology and=20 petrology of Ascutney Mountain, Vermont. The project culminated in the=20 publication of a landmark paper (1903) that outlined his developing = theory of=20 the geological and petrological consequences of large-scale magmatic = stoping and=20 assimilation of roof rocks. The paper combined careful mapping, detailed = petrographic descriptions, sophisticated treatment of chemical analyses = of=20 rocks, and analysis of the process of intrusion in light of contrasting=20 densities of rocks and magma. The stoping hypothesis evidently came to = Daly in a=20 flash, while dropping off to sleep. Daly later wrote, =E2=80=9CThe = solution then found=20 still seems the best in sight, but its chief result has been the = realization=20 that geology must be based on geophysics.=E2=80=9D

Upon completing his degree, he obtained a superb = postdoctoral=20 overseas fellowship in Europe (1896=E2=80=931897), where he became an = expert at thin=20 section analysis under the petrographers Harry Rosenbusch = (1836=E2=80=931914) and Alfred=20 Lacroix (1863=E2=80=931948), toured many famous field localities, and = attended the 7th=20 International Geological Congress in Russia (1897). Looking at = photographs taken=20 at this time, Francis Birch (1958) described the young Daly as = =E2=80=9Cphysically=20 impressive, sartorially elegant, [and] conspicuous among the somewhat = worn-down=20 gathering of international geologists.=E2=80=9D

In 1903, Daly married Louise Porter Haskell, who was = from a=20 distinguished Southern family, a graduate of Radcliffe College, and the = owner=20 and headmistress of a girls' school in Boston where she taught history = and=20 literature. Two of his books are dedicated to her as =E2=80=9Cinspiring = fellow worker,=E2=80=9D=20 another as =E2=80=9Ccomrade and wise counselor in the search for the = meaning of things.=E2=80=9D=20 In a letter, she in turn described him as =E2=80=9Ca genius who = remembers his mineral=20 stage as few others ever have, & so feels earth-secrets as few = others do.=E2=80=9D=20 After their marriage, she was his companion on journeys, field = assistant,=20 amanuensis, typist, manuscript critic, and editor. The Dalys had one = child, a=20 son named for his father and called Aldworth, who died of a fever from=20 tubercular meningitis at the age of two.

In 1901, Daly left Harvard, where he had been teaching = physiography and oceanography. Despite the Ascutney work and the = amenities of=20 his position, he had not, as he later wrote, =E2=80=9Cmade much progress = in the=20 development of original thought.=E2=80=9D He joined the Canadian = International Boundary=20 Survey and undertook a monumental exploration of the = Canadian=E2=80=93U.S. boundary from=20 the Pacific coast through the wide belt of the Cascades and Rocky = Mountains into=20 the Great Plains. The survey was along the 49th parallel, the border = between the=20 United States and Canada. Working with but one field assistant during = five field=20 seasons, Daly mapped a strip 5 to 10 miles wide and 400 miles long = through some=20 of the most rugged country in North America. He then was able to present = his=20 fully developed theory in five chapters of his final report (1910, = reprinted as=20 Memoir 38 of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1912) and his first = book, Igneous=20 Rocks and Their Origin (1914). In 1907, he returned to academic = life,=20 first taking a position at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and = then=20 succeeding William Morris Davis as Sturgis-Hooper Professor at Harvard = in=20 1912.

The maturity of Daly's thought and the scope of his = scholarship=20 are evident in the treatment of many topics in Igneous Rocks and = Their=20 Origin. Using Rosenbusch's petrographic classification of igneous = rocks, he=20 divided 2631 chemical analyses to give average analyses of 116 = petrographic=20 types. He presented not only distributions of rock types of different=20 composition, but described and classified the many forms of extrusive = and=20 intrusive rocks and the links between intrusive and extrusive bodies of = igneous=20 rock. The central problem of petrology at that time was to understand = the=20 diversity of igneous rocks. To Daly, crystallization differentiation by = itself=20 was insufficient, and he instead argued that magmatic stoping and = assimilation=20 contribute fundamentally to diversity. He also saw that beneath all = igneous=20 action, injection of basaltic magma into the crust was the essential = precursor.=20 Basalt is present in all associations, in all provinces, and at all = times in=20 Earth's history. It is =E2=80=9Cthe bringer of heat.=E2=80=9D

Drawing from geophysical conceptions of shells of the = Earth,=20 Daly proposed the existence of a universal basaltic substratum beneath = the crust=20 that he argued was vitreous (a strongly viscous liquid; glass at high = pressure)=20 in its physical properties. Basalt was thus =E2=80=9Cprimary=E2=80=9D (a = direct melt of the=20 vitreous substratum). Gravitational accumulation of olivine then leads = to=20 formation of olivine gabbros seen as cumulates in so many intrusive = bodies and=20 the complementary olivine-free basalt so commonly found along the = perimeter of=20 the North Atlantic and in flood-basalt provinces. Ever since, discussion = of=20 basaltic petrogenesis has had to deal with concepts of primary magma and = the=20 question of the potential uniformity of composition of its mantle = sources.

Daly's outer two shells of the Earth are a = discontinuous layer=20 of sediments and, beneath that, a silicic or acid crystalline = layer,=20 together comprising the upper part of the continental crust. He supposed = that=20 the acid shell is discontinuous beneath the oceans and viewed the = continental=20 crust as reworked by sediment melting, or syntexis, operating = at and=20 near basaltic intrusions. In this way, the crust becomes more strongly=20 differentiated toward granite than its average protolith, which Daly = considered=20 to be sedimentary material derived from ancestral basaltic and andesitic = terranes. His theory required that the field relations be = considered=20 along with any theoretical or experimental inferences about the behavior = of=20 magmatic fluids. From his study of rock distributions, Daly=20 was able to declare (1914, p. 52), =E2=80=9CThe igneous rocks of the = globe chiefly=20 belong to two types, granite and basalt =E2=80=A6 one of these dominant = types is=20 intrusive, and the other is extrusive. To declare the meaning of this = fact is to=20 go a long way toward outlining petrogenesis as a whole.=E2=80=9D

Daly's subsequent career added layers of expertise to = his core=20 concepts in petrology and field geology. In 1909, before completion of = his=20 Boundary Survey report, he traveled to Hawaii with T.A. Jaggar, = accompanied also=20 by Louise (this was shortly after their son's death). There, the two = scientists=20 examined Kilauea volcano. The trip led directly to the establishment of = the=20 modern Hawaii Volcano Observatory, which Jaggar headed for nearly three = decades.=20 Daly's first publication on Hawaiian volcanism was in 1911. His = observations of=20 island subsidence and reef distribution convinced him that fluctuations = in sea=20 level were critical to the formation of the lagoons of barrier reefs and = atolls.=20 He published this as =E2=80=9CThe Glacial Control Theory of Modern = Reefs,=E2=80=9D also in 1911.=20 After the First World War, he traveled extensively to study other = volcanic=20 islands (Ascension, St. Helena, American Samoa), ore bodies in Sweden, = and (with=20 Charles Palache) the Bushveld intrusion in South Africa.

His interests came to include uplifted beach rock, the = bearing=20 of coral reefs on Pleistocene fluctuations in sea level, submarine = canyons,=20 isostasy and glacial rebound, and the great questions of continental = geology,=20 including continental drift. He sparred with experimental petrologist = N.L. Bowen=20 in attributing the origin of alkaline magmas to the effects of limestone = assimilation by basaltic magma rather than crystallization = differentiation (Daly,=20 1918). He endorsed continental drift in Our=20 Mobile Earth (1926) and offered a mechanism for it: very = low-angle=20 continental landslides or detachments slipping over a medium of = extremely low=20 strength, his own vitreous basaltic substratum, and compressing = sediments in=20 geosynclines. The idea is not far removed from today's view of the = geodynamics=20 of accretionary prisms at subduction zones. In 1927, he favorably = reviewed the=20 evidence for drift summarized by Alexander du Toit in The Geology of = South=20 Africa, which put him in a small minority of North American = geoscientists=20 who favored drift.

In 1930, together with physicist Percy Bridgman and = other=20 Harvard colleagues, Daly initiated an interdepartmental committee on = geophysics,=20 hiring Francis Birch, who held a Harvard degree in physics, to undertake = experimental study of the properties of rocks at high pressure. An early = graduate student in this program was Norman A. Haskell (not related to = Louise),=20 whose work on post-glacial Scandinavian uplift, suggested by Daly, led = to the=20 first estimates of the viscosity of the upper mantle.

In 1933, Daly published a second edition of his 1914 = book, this=20 time calling it Igneous Rocks and the Depths of the Earth. In = contrast=20 to Bowen's advocacy that crystallization differentiation led to = granites, Daly=20 continued to stress the importance of syntexis in the formation of = continental=20 crust, of superheat driving that syntexis, and of transport of alkalis = in=20 magmatic volatiles. Daly also added a full chapter on the physical = properties of=20 igneous rocks, which incorporated results of laboratory measurements = made in=20 collaboration with Percy Bridgman.

In retirement, Daly presciently argued that the origin = of the=20 Moon involved collision of Earth with another planetoid (1946) and that = the=20 Vredevort structure in South Africa was produced by giant impact (1947). = Daly=20 became a U.S. citizen in 1920, was elected to the National Academy of = Sciences=20 in 1925, and received both the Penrose Medal of the Geological Society = of=20 America (1935) and the Bowie medal of the American Geophysical Union = (1946). He=20 published actively until 1952, and in 1957 he wrote a biographical = memoir of his=20 Harvard friend and colleague, mineralogist Charles Palache.

Daly was a gifted lecturer who made good use of his = and others'=20 drawings, diagrams, and photographs in both talks and published works. = The title=20 page of Our Mobile Earth, in which he endorsed continental = drift, is=20 wryly inscribed, following Galileo, =E2=80=9CE pur si muove!=E2=80=9D = Daly's forte was clearly=20 in selecting among disparate observations and lines of reasoning and = then=20 reinforcing or extending hypotheses into new and more powerful = syntheses. He=20 tried to view geological processes from as many angles as possible. = Almost all=20 of us today are specialists, but to read Daly is to be reminded that = ours is a=20 multi-disciplinary enterprise, and that understanding Earth requires = mastery of=20 many arts.

Daly died in 1957 at the age of 86; Louise, his wife,=20 predeceased him in 1947. Reginald, Louise, and Aldworth Daly are buried = in the=20 Haskell family plot at Elmwood Cemetery in Columbia, South = Carolina.

Acknowledgments

I've drawn on biographical information in Berkey = (1936), Billings=20 (1958), Birch=20 (1960), Oreskes=20 (1999), and Young=20 (1998). I thank Angela Clark of the Rosenstiel School Library and = the staff=20 of the South Caroliniana Library at the University of South Carolina for = assistance in gathering materials for this contribution. Warren = Hamilton, Jerry=20 Winterer, Paul Hoffman, Gerry Middleton, Robert Dott, and Bob Ginsburg = provided=20 helpful comments on the manuscript.

REFERENCES Re= turn=20 to TOC

Berkey, C.P., 1935, The award of = the=20 Penrose Medal to Professor Daly: Scientific Monthly, v. 42, p. = 190=E2=80=93191. Find=20 this article online
Billings, M.P., 1958, Reginald = Aldworth=20 Daly, geologist [1871=E2=80=931957]: Science, v. 127, p. = 19=E2=80=9320. Find=20 this article online
Birch,=20 F.A., 1960, Reginald Aldworth Daly, May 19, 1871=E2=80=93September 19, = 1957,=20 Biographical Memoirs: Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, = p31=E2=80=9364.
Daly,=20 R.A., 1912, Geology of the North American Cordillera at the 49th = Parallel:=20 Ottawa, Government Printing Office, Canada Department of Mines = Geological=20 Survey Memoir 38, 857 p, with a folio of maps.
Daly,=20 R.A., 1914, Igneous rocks and their origin: New York, McGraw Hill563.
Daly,=20 R.A., 1918, Genesis of the alkaline rocks: Journal of Geology, = 97=E2=80=93134.
Daly,=20 R.A., 1926, Our mobile Earth: New York, Scribners342.
Daly,=20 R.A., 1927, Review of The Geology of South Africa, by Alexander L. = du=20 Toit: Journal of Geology, v. 35, p. 671=E2=80=93672. Find=20 this article online
Daly,=20 R.A., 1933, Igneous rocks and the depths of the Earth: New York, = McGraw Hill=20 (Hafner Reprint, 1962)598.
Oreskes, Naomi, 1999, The = rejection of=20 continental drift: Oxford, Oxford University Press420.
Young,=20 D., 1998, N.L. Bowen and crystallization-differentiation: The = evolution of a=20 theory: Washington, Mineralogical Society of America276.

Figures Re= turn=20 to TOC

Reginald Aldworth Daly, from the Harvard=20 archives.

Louise Porter Haskell, Daly's =E2=80=9Cinspiring fellow = worker,=E2=80=9D Christmas=20 1901, a year before her engagement to Daly, from a family=20 portrait.

=E2=80=9CRock Stars=E2=80=9D is = produced by the GSA History=20 of Geology Division, Editorial Committee: Kennard Bork, Robert Dott, = Robert=20 Ginsburg, Gerard Middleton, Peter von Bitter, and E.L. (Jerry)=20 Winterer.

GSA Home =E2=80=A2 Bookstore =E2=80=A2 About GSA =E2=80=A2 Contact Us =E2=80=A2 = FAQs

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