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Volume=20 16, Issue 4 (April 2006)

GSA Today

Article: pp. 50=E2=80=9351 | PDF=20 (562K)

Rock Stars: Andrew Cowper Lawson = (1861=E2=80=931952): How a Boy=20 from Canada Became a Legendary Professor of Geology at Berkeley

Gerard V. Middleton

School of Geography and Earth Sciences, McMaster=20 University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada; mailing address: 90 St.=20 Margaret's Road, Ancaster, Ontario L9G 2K9, Canada

Table of = Contents:

  • Acknowledgments=20
  • Selected=20 References
  • Figures=20
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  • Ema= il=20 this Article

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  • Gerard=20 V. Middleton

DOI: = 10.1130/1052-5173(2006)016[0050:RSACLH]2.0.CO;2

Born in Scotland, Andrew Cowper Lawson came to = Hamilton,=20 Ontario, when he was six years old, graduated from the University of = Toronto in=20 1883, worked for the Geological Survey of Canada, gained his doctorate = at Johns=20 Hopkins in 1888, and moved to California in 1890.

His father was William Lawson, born in Kirkaldy, = Scotland, a=20 seaman whose health was ruined in a shipwreck in 1865. His mother was = Jessie=20 Kerr, a name she took after her adoption by her maternal grandparents. = William=20 and Jessie were married in 1860, and Andrew was their first child, born = in=20 Anstruther, Scotland, on 21 July 1861. The family, including Andrew's = brother=20 and two sisters, emigrated to Canada in 1866 and settled in Hamilton, = where=20 William was employed in a shipyard. He retired in 1873 because of his = health.=20 Six more children were born in Canada.

Andrew attended the Hamilton Collegiate Institute = (HCI), one of=20 a small number of superior high schools that offered a classics-based = education.=20 After her husband's retirement, Jessie managed to support the family by = writing=20 short stories, which she sold to magazines in Scotland and Canada under = a=20 variety of pennames, and Andrew and his sister, Katherine, had to take = over many=20 of the tasks and responsibilities that would normally have been assumed = by their=20 parents. One of Andrew's brothers, James, showed artistic talent, which = was=20 encouraged (and subsidized) by his headmaster at HCI, George Dickson, = who was an=20 amateur geologist. In 1879, James left for Europe, where he became a = well-known=20 artist, changing his name to Kerr-Lawson in order to avoid confusion = with=20 another artist with a similar name. The family moved to Toronto in = 1881.

While at school, Andrew delivered newspapers, = including the=20 Hamilton Spectator, which is still the local newspaper. After=20 graduating from HCI =E2=80=9Cwith great distinction,=E2=80=9D he worked = part time as a reporter=20 for that newspaper. In his last year at HCI (1879=E2=80=931880), Andrew = studied=20 chemistry with Joseph Winthrop Spencer, a geologist later known for his = work on=20 the Great Lakes. Dickson and Spencer probably made him aware of geology, = but=20 when he enrolled in the University of Toronto, it was to study classics, = not=20 science. In the summer of 1881, he was offered a job as a legal reporter = in=20 Montreal. He accepted, and in the fall of 1881 took courses at McGill = University=20 in geology (from William Dawson), mineralogy, and medicine (from William = Osler).=20 He soon discovered he was too squeamish for medicine and not inclined to = pursue=20 a career in journalism. Instead, in 1882, he worked as a field assistant = in the=20 western prairies with Robert Bell of the Geological Survey of Canada = (GSC), then=20 based in Montreal. He described this experience in detail much later in = his=20 life: he enjoyed the exploration but seems to have learned little = geology from=20 Bell. The following summer, Lawson and J.W. Tyrrell (a topographer) = began=20 mapping the Precambrian of the Lake of the Woods region, nominally under = Bell's=20 supervision, but working largely by themselves. Returning to the = University of=20 Toronto, Lawson graduated in 1883 with a gold medal for excellence in = classics,=20 mathematics, modern languages, and natural science. He then worked = full-time for=20 the GSC, in charge of the Precambrian mapping he had begun the year = before,=20 while studying geology part time at Toronto (M.A., 1885). This work = continued=20 during the summers, even after he began graduate studies in geology at = Johns=20 Hopkins University. Perhaps E.J. Chapman, then Professor of Geology at = Toronto,=20 had suggested that he go to Hopkins to learn the new polarizing = microscope=20 techniques from George Williams. Lawson's doctorate was awarded in 1888. = He was=20 the first of many GSC geologists to have their doctoral studies = supported while=20 they remained employees of the GSC. In 1888 he obtained leave to travel = to the=20 International Congress of Geology in London in 1888, followed by field=20 excursions in Scandinavia, France, Germany and Italy. He returned to the = GSC,=20 but resigned in 1890 to become a consultant in Vancouver, British = Columbia, and=20 spent the summer prospecting for coal. In November, he moved to the = University=20 of California at Berkeley and remained there for the rest of his long = life.

Lawson was known for his field studies of the = Precambrian rocks=20 of western Ontario, and Minnesota (1891). In 1885=E2=80=931888, he = established that the=20 old granitic rocks, known as Laurentian, were intrusive into metamorphic = and=20 volcanic rocks (Keewatin), and so were younger than them rather than = older as=20 previously thought. Lawson thought the intrusive granites were = remobilized older=20 crust and continued to call both Laurentian. His ideas were published = promptly=20 by the GSC in 1885 (Lake of the Woods Report) and again in = 1887=E2=80=931888 (Rainy=20 Lake). His observation that the Laurentian granites were intruded into = the=20 Keewatin was soon accepted, but his interpretation of the stratigraphy = of the=20 Keewatin and its associated metasediments (called Coutchiching by Lawson=20 in 1887) remained controversial for almost a hundred years. In 1911, = he=20 returned to Ontario and recognized a further stratigraphic unit (Seine) = and two=20 periods of intrusion, which he called Laurentian and Algoman. The = stratigraphic=20 controversy continued, and was resolved only partially by the = application of=20 way-up techniques, unknown to Lawson in the 1880s. It finally ended in = the=20 1980s, with the application of refined age dating and recognition that = the=20 Superior Province contains many structurally juxtaposed terranes.

At Berkeley, Lawson began teaching a seminar for = graduate=20 students, as well as a field course, both innovations in America. With = help from=20 his students, he began detailed geological mapping of coastal = California, and=20 established The Bulletin of the Department of Geology. After = the 1906=20 earthquake, he supervised the production of volume 1 of The Report = of the=20 State Earthquake Investigation Commission (1908), and established a = laboratory at Berkeley that became a famous center for earthquake = studies. He=20 was one of the founders of the Seismological Society of America. He also = served=20 as a consultant on mining and engineering projects, including the Golden = Gate=20 Bridge.

Lawson had strong views on the methodology of the = earth sciences=20 (including the importance of field studies). Philosophically, he = rejected his=20 Presbyterian upbringing and was a positivist but held near-mystical = views about=20 nature, which he generally expressed in poetry (see Vaughan's=20 1970 biography). A rather private, reserved man, he was also a = forceful=20 teacher who had many famous pupils. A ruthless critic, he was rarely = persuaded=20 to alter his own opinions. His personality earned him the nickname = =E2=80=9CThe King=E2=80=9D at=20 Berkeley. He served as department chair on several occasions for a total = of 20=20 years and was Dean of the College of Mining at Berkeley from 1915 to = 1918.

Acknowledgments

I thank Angus Kerr-Lawson, emeritus professor of=20 mathematics at University of Waterloo, for help with family history. = Angus is=20 the grandson of Lawson's brother Edward (a writer) and provided the = sketch of=20 Lawson by his brother, reproduced as Figure=20 2. The Rock Star editorial committee assisting during the = preparation of=20 this article consisted of R. Ginsburg (chair), R. Dott, Jr., P. von = Bitter, and=20 J. Winterer.

SELECTED REFERENCES R= eturn=20 to TOC

  1. Davies, D.W., Poulsen, K.H., = Kamo, S.L.,=20 1989, New insights into Archean crustal development from geochronology = in the=20 Rainy Lake area, Superior Province, Canada: Journal of Geology, v. 97, = p.=20 379=E2=80=93398. Find=20 this article online
  2. Lawson, A.C., 1885, Report on = the geology=20 of the Lake of the Woods region, with special reference to the = Keewatin=20 (Huronian?) belt of the Archean rocks: Geological and Natural History = Survey=20 of Canada Annual Report CC, v. 1, p. 151.
  3. Lawson, A.C., 1887, Geology of = the Rainy=20 Lake region, with remarks on the classification of the crystalline = rocks west=20 of Lake Superior: American Journal of Science, v. 33, p. = 473=E2=80=93480. Find=20 this article online
  4. Lawson, A.C., chairman1908, The = California=20 earthquake of April 18, 1906: Report of the State Earthquake = Investigation=20 Commission: Washington, D.C., Carnegie Institution of Washington = Publication=20 87v. I, p. 451p. (reprinted in 1969).
  5. Vaughan, F.E., 1970, Andrew C. = Lawson,=20 scientist, teacher, philosopher: Glendale, California, Arthur H. Clark = Co474p.=20 (reprinted in 1969).

Figures R= eturn=20 to TOC

3D""=20

Figure 1. Lawson aged 20, the age at which he first took a = course in=20 geology from William Dawson at McGill (Geological Survey of Canada = photo=20 201995).

3D""=20

Figure 2. Portrait by his younger brother, James Kerr-Lawson. A = characteristic pose, which nicely illustrates why he was called = =E2=80=9Cthe=20 King.=E2=80=9D

=E2=80=9CRock Stars=E2=80=9D is = produced by the GSA History=20 of Geology Division. Editorial Committee: Kennard Bork, Robert Dott Jr., = Robert=20 Ginsburg, Gerard Middleton, Peter von Bitter, and E.L. (Jerry)=20 Winterer.

GSA Home =E2=80=A2 Bookstore =E2=80=A2 About GSA =E2=80=A2 Contact Us =E2=80=A2 = FAQs

=C2=A9 2007 Geological=20 Society of America Tel: (303) 357-1000. E-mail: gsaservice@geosociety.org.<= BR>

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