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Volume=20 16, Issue 6 (June 2006)

GSA Today

Article: pp. 54=E2=80=9355 | PDF=20 (491K)

Rock Stars=E2=80=94David White

David White (1862=E2=80=931935): Pioneer in Coal, Petroleum, and = Paleobotanical=20 Studies

Paul C. Lyons1=20 and Elsie D. Morey2=20

1. = 206 Amber=20 Road, Middleboro, Massachusetts 02346, USA, 2. 2235 Baltimore Pike, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania 17325, = USA

Table of = Contents:

  • The=20 Early Years
  • Early=20 Career Highlights
  • White=20 Discovers the =E2=80=9Cdeath ...
  • People=20 White Inspired
  • National=20 Parks
  • Honors=20 and Awards
  • Acknowledgments=20
  • Further=20 Reading
  • Figures=20
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  • Email = this Article

Search=20 CrossRef for:

  • Article= s=20 Citing This Article

Search=20 Google Scholar for:

  • Paul=20 C. Lyons
  • Elsie=20 D. Morey

DOI: = 10.1130/1052-5173(2006)016[0054:RSW]2.0.CO;2

David White rose from farm boy to teacher in = rural New=20 York, from assistant paleontologist to chief geologist in the U.S. = Geological=20 Survey (USGS), and then to president of the Geological Society of = America.=20 During his 49-year career with the USGS, he provided great leadership = and earned=20 acclaim in paleobotany and petroleum geology.

The Early Years Retu= rn=20 to TOC

Charles David White was born on his father's farm = near=20 Palmyra, New York, on 1 July 1862. David, as he was known throughout his = career,=20 came under the influence of a young Dutch immigrant, Daniel van = Cruyningham, who=20 worked as a laborer on the White farm. Later, van Cruyningham became = principal=20 of the nearby Marion Collegiate where White enrolled, earning his way by = farm=20 work and teaching. Van Cruyningham encouraged White to study the = flowering=20 plants of the region.

White won a scholarship to Cornell and paid for his = expenses=20 mostly by teaching elementary drawing. His mentor at Cornell was Henry = S.=20 Williams (1847=E2=80=931918), who is best known for proposing the = =E2=80=9CPennsylvanian=20 System.=E2=80=9D Williams knew of White's interest in flowering plants = and suggested as=20 his bachelor's thesis a study of the enigmatic Devonian plant fossil, Ptilophyton, not to be confused with = Psilophyton, a primitive vine-like = land plant.=20 Williams was impressed by White's thesis and his finely executed line=20 drawings.

In 1886, Lester F. Ward (1841=E2=80=931913) of the = USGS inquired of=20 Williams if he had any students who could make accurate line drawings of = plant=20 fossils. Ward was working on Cretaceous floras of the western United = States.=20 Williams recommended White, who was hired by Ward at a salary of US$900 = per=20 annum (US$45,000 in today's dollar).

When White began his career with the USGS in 1886, = paleobotany=20 was in its infancy in North America. The work of five paleobotanists on = late=20 Paleozoic floras, before White's contributions, deserves special = mention: John=20 S. Newberry (1822=E2=80=931892) on Ohio floras (1856, 1873); William F. = Fontaine and=20 Israel C. White's controversial Dunkard floras (1880); the =E2=80=9CCoal = Flora=E2=80=9D=20 (1879=E2=80=931883) of Leo Lesquereux (1806=E2=80=931889); and the = geological history of plant=20 fossils (1888) by John W. Dawson (1820=E2=80=931899). Lesquereux's work = is widely=20 considered the founding of paleobotany in North America.

In 1888, White married Mary Houghton of Worcester,=20 Massachusetts, whom he had met at Cornell, where she was a student of = literature=20 and history. They lived in Washington, D.C., all their married years and = did not=20 have any children. When not burdened by administrative duties, White = worked in=20 the Appalachians and out West. He and Mary were also hosts to many = people=20 interested in geology, charity, and social service.

Early Career Highlights Retu= rn=20 to TOC

On his own initiative and to the delight of Ward, = White=20 studied the flora of the Gay Head section, Martha's Vineyard, = Massachusetts.=20 This section was considered to be Tertiary by such notables as Charles = Lyell on=20 his 1841 visit to the United States. In a paper published in 1890, White = established that the flora was of Middle Cretaceous age.

At Ward's suggestion, White reclassified some 100,000 = specimens=20 of Carboniferous plant fossils in the Ralph D. Lacoe Collection, which = was=20 donated to the U.S. National Museum in 1893. Lacoe was a businessman and = amateur=20 collector who had amassed a large collection of plant fossils. After = going=20 through the plant fossils in this collection, White was convinced that = he could=20 resolve stratigraphic uncertainties in the Pottsville Formation, a = terrestrial=20 Pennsylvanian sequence. In 1900, he published his work on the Pottsville = floras,=20 showing that his floral zones could be used to resolve stratigraphic=20 uncertainties in various eastern states.

In 1897, White and Charles Schuchert were sent as part = of=20 Peary's Expedition to study a meteorite in Greenland. There they = discovered what=20 is now considered a classic Cretaceous flora locality.

In 1899, White essentially established modern = correlations of=20 the Pennsylvanian sequence with Europe. Although later workers made some = refinement to these correlations, his floral zonations are benchmarks in = the age=20 and correlations of Pennsylvanian floras.

The work of White in the Anthracite region of eastern=20 Pennsylvania, then the largest producer of coal in the country, led to = the=20 discovery by him of millions of tons of coal unknown to coal = operators.

Botanist Reinhardt Theissen (1867=E2=80=931938) was = White's field=20 assistant in the very early part of the twentieth century. Thiessen used = the=20 thin-section technique to study coal, a technique developed in England = in the=20 early 1800s. White and Thiessen studied the origin of coal; their book = on coal=20 (published in 1913) disproved the allochthonous origin of coal, the = popular=20 theory of the time.

White Discovers the =E2=80=9CDeath Line=E2=80=9D of Petroleum Retu= rn=20 to TOC

White was able to relate increasing fixed carbon = in coal to=20 an increasing degree of coalification and in 1913 demonstrated that = petroleum=20 was not likely to occur where the fixed carbon of coal exceeded 65% to = 70%=20 (i.e., that this was a =E2=80=9Cdeath line=E2=80=9D for oil). This = hypothesis and its=20 application established White as an expert on oil and gas exploration. = He=20 considered his =E2=80=9Ccarbon-ratio hypothesis=E2=80=9D to be his = greatest scientific=20 contribution.

Also in 1913, after having been appointed chief = geologist of the=20 USGS, White initiated studies of the petroleum potential of the oil = shales in=20 the Eocene Green River Formation. White served as chief geologist during = World=20 War I and trained many geologists in petroleum geology, a notable = proportion of=20 whom became world leaders in this field after the war. White was a = member of the=20 War Minerals Committee and did research on oil shales as a possible = source of=20 gasoline. As a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the = National=20 Research Council, he promoted research on the origin of petroleum. White = used=20 gravity measurements to locate anticlines with petroleum. Under his = leadership,=20 the first estimates of the petroleum reserves of the United States were = made,=20 which led to a new search for petroleum.

People White Inspired Retu= rn=20 to TOC

Although he had seemingly boundless energy, = partly=20 expressed by climbing stairs three at a time to get to his fourth-floor = office=20 at the U.S. National Museum, it was not all directed toward scientific = and=20 administrative matters. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 and while = he was=20 USGS chief geologist, he did his best to aid scientists who came to the = United=20 States. One of the scientists he helped was Taisia Stadnichenko, a = brilliant=20 Russian chemist whose career was wrecked by events in Russia. She was = hired by=20 White to assist him in his studies of oil shales. =E2=80=9CUncle = David,=E2=80=9D as she=20 affectionately called him, was her mentor at the USGS. They collaborated = on=20 several papers on oil shales.

White never missed an opportunity to inspire a young = mind, pose=20 a scientific problem, and guide a scientist to its solution. Two other = examples=20 of those he inspired and guided were the budding paleobotanists Charles = B. Read=20 (1907=E2=80=931979) and William C. Darrah (1909=E2=80=931989). Read, = White's assistant, in=20 collaboration with Sergius H. Mamay of the USGS, established the modern=20 Carboniferous-Permian megafloral biostratigraphic scheme in 1964.

National Parks Retu= rn=20 to TOC

During the late 1920s, White took great pride in = the fact=20 that he cooperated with the U.S. National Park Service and even wore its = uniform=20 while in the field (see photo=20 below). In the Grand Canyon, in addition to studying Permian floras, = White=20 studied Precambrian beds with suspected algal remains.

Honors and Awards Retu= rn=20 to TOC

David White never sought monetary rewards or = honors of any=20 kind. His many honors were graciously received when they came. His = service to=20 science, the country, and mankind were the driving forces of his = life.

Acknowledgments

Most of this account is taken from Lyons=20 and Morey (1995). We thank J.D. Burgess and C.M. Nelson for reviews = and=20 Robert Ginsburg, Gerry Middleton, Ken Bork, Robert Dott, Jr., Jerry = Winterer,=20 and Peter von Bitter of the Rock Stars Committee for many helpful = suggestions=20 for its improvement.

FURTHER READING Retu= rn=20 to TOC

  1. Lyons,=20 P.C., Morey, E.D., 1995, David White (1862=E2=80=931935): American = paleobotanist and=20 geologist: in Lyons, P.C., Morey, E.D., and Wagner, R.H., = eds.,=20 Historical Perspectives of Early Twentieth Century Carboniferous = Paleobotany=20 in North America: Geological Society of America Memoir 185, = p135=E2=80=93148.
  2. Mendenhall, W.C., 1937, = Memorial of=20 David White: Geological Society of America: Proceedings for 1936,=20 p271=E2=80=93292plate 16.

Figures Retu= rn=20 to TOC

3D""=20

David White, ca. 1912, about the time he became chief geologist = of the=20 U.S. Geological Survey.

3D""=20

White (left) and park naturalist Edwin McKee examining fossils, = Grand=20 Canyon National Park, 17 June = 1929.

=E2=80=9CRock Stars=E2=80=9D is = produced by the GSA History=20 of Geology Division. Editorial Committee: Kennard Bork, Robert Dott, = Robert=20 Ginsburg, Gerard Middleton, Peter von Bitter, and E.L. (Jerry)=20 Winterer.

GSA Home =E2=80=A2 Bookstore =E2=80=A2 About GSA =E2=80=A2 Contact Us =E2=80=A2 = FAQs

=C2=A9 2007 Geological=20 Society of America Tel: (303) 357-1000. E-mail: gsaservice@geosociety.org.<= BR>

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