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Volume=20 16, Issue 10 (October 2006)

GSA Today

Article: pp. 30=E2=80=9331 | PDF=20 (280K)

Rock Stars Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin = (1843=E2=80=931928)

Robert H. Dott Jr.

Department of Geology and Geophysics, University = of=20 Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA

Table of = Contents:

= Introduction=20
= The=20 Young Chamberlin
= On=20 the Way Up
= The=20 Chicago Throne
= That=20 Moral Rectitude
= Further=20 Reading
= Figures=20

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Robert=20 H. Dott

DOI: = 10.1130/1052-5173(2006)16[30:RSTCC]2.0.CO;2

Introduction Retur= n=20 to TOC

=E2=80=9CBorn on a moraine,=E2=80=9D was how = America's pioneer glacial=20 geologist in the late nineteenth century, T.C. Chamberlin, described = himself.=20 This was the man who first demonstrated that there had been multiple = Pleistocene=20 glaciations in North America and who was the first director of the U.S.=20 Geological Survey's Pleistocene Division (1881=E2=80=931904). He = presented early=20 analyses of moraines, drumlins, eskers, and boulder trains. From these = features,=20 he inferred regional glacial flow patterns, differentiated ice lobes, = and mapped=20 the outermost limits of the two last glacial advances. He called glacial = striations =E2=80=9Ctrails left by the intruder.=E2=80=9D

Chamberlin went on to seek a theory of climate change = and was=20 one of the first to emphasize carbon dioxide as a major regulator of = Earth's=20 temperature, thus anticipating modern global warming. TCC, as he was = known to=20 associates, is also widely remembered for his 1890 essay about = geological=20 reasoning, =E2=80=9CThe method of multiple working hypotheses=E2=80=9D = (but he failed to=20 acknowledge that G.K. Gilbert had published on this theme two years=20 earlier).

At the turn of the twentieth century, Chamberlin = ventured into=20 cosmology, developing with F.R. Moulton the planetesimal theory for the = origin=20 of planets, aspects of which are still influential. Instead of the = ruling=20 hypothesis, condensation from a hot nebular cloud, gravitational = accretion of=20 cold objects (planetesimals) was proposed. Once formed, Earth was = subjected to=20 continuing, but spasmodic, radial gravitational contraction, which had = overtones=20 of isostasy. Chamberlin postulated that contractional events caused = mountain=20 building due to differential vertical movements of radial earth = segments.=20 Another byproduct of the theory was a diastrophic control of global sea = level=20 and erosional leveling of continents. This had wide impact upon American = stratigraphy and geomorphology; it even anticipated modern sequence=20 stratigraphy. Chamberlin's commitment to vertical tectonics made him an=20 inevitable opponent of continental drift.

In 1899, Chamberlin challenged famous physicist Lord = Kelvin's=20 calculation of an age for Earth of only 20=E2=80=9330 million years when = geologists were=20 thinking of 100 million. Chamberlin disputed Kelvin's assumption of = simple=20 cooling from a molten origin because he was already formulating his own = cold,=20 planetesimal origin. He argued that there must be some unknown source of = heat=20 energy within Earth that would alter Kelvin's calculations = substantially.=20 Without realizing it, Chamberlin had anticipated heat from radioactive = decay,=20 which had just been recognized but was not yet widely understood.

The Young Chamberlin Retur= n=20 to TOC

Chamberlin was born on that moraine in = southeastern=20 Illinois, but his family moved north to settle near Beloit in southern=20 Wisconsin. Young Chamberlin helped his father, a Methodist circuit = minister and=20 farmer, and four brothers haul limestone slabs to build their farmhouse. = He was=20 fascinated and puzzled by the many fossils in that Ordovician stone. = Education=20 was prized in the family, and at the early age of eight, he announced = that he=20 =E2=80=9Cwanted to teach in the best school in the state.=E2=80=9D With = his brothers, he=20 attended a preparatory academy and then Beloit College. Professor H.B. = Nason=20 inspired in him a deep interest in natural science. Geology had a = particularly=20 strong appeal in spite of apparent conflicts with his strong Methodist=20 background. Chamberlin directed the church choir while attending Beloit = College,=20 where he was also an outstanding student, athlete, and debater. He = learned early=20 the art of framing a sound argument, which he practiced frequently in = later=20 life.

Chamberlin worked on the farm and taught in country = schools to=20 finance his education. Upon graduation in 1866, he became a teacher and = later=20 principal in a high school near Beloit. He gave popular evening lectures = and led=20 field trips about natural science. In 1867, he married Alma Wilson; they = had one=20 son, Rollin, who also pursued geology. In 1868=E2=80=931869, Chamberlin = spent a year at=20 the University of Michigan to strengthen his overall science background = and=20 thereafter became very critical of the classical curriculum in colleges. = He next=20 taught natural science at the Whitewater, Wisconsin, Normal School, and = joined=20 the Beloit faculty in 1873, where he was professor of geology, zoology, = and=20 botany. Dana's Manual of Geology was the guiding textbook, and=20 Chamberlin introduced microscopic petrography to Beloit. He was a tall,=20 commanding figure and a popular teacher, who always projected = =E2=80=9Cmoral and ethical=20 rectitude.=E2=80=9D

On the Way Up Retur= n=20 to TOC

In 1873, together with several other geologists = from around=20 the state, Chamberlin was recruited to work part time on a comprehensive = geological survey of Wisconsin. He was assigned the southeastern region, = where=20 bedrock is only scantily exposed. It was here that his career in glacial = geology=20 began. In 1876, the survey was reorganized, and Chamberlin was appointed = chief=20 geologist. During the next six years, with an able group of assistants, = he=20 supervised the completion of the survey and the publication of four = large=20 volumes that rivaled in quality the best survey publications in the = world.=20 Chamberlin wrote sections of most of the volumes, including material on=20 Paleozoic and Pre-cambrian geology, lead-zinc deposits, artesian wells, = and=20 soils, as well as glacial deposits. The results brought national = attention and=20 appointment as head of the glacial division of the national survey in = 1881.

Recognizing his outstanding organizational and = administrative=20 skills, the board of regents of the University of Wisconsin in Madison = invited=20 Chamberlin to be president. Somewhat reluctantly, he left his U.S. = Geological=20 Survey (USGS) research post to serve as president from 1887 to 1892. = Chamberlin=20 introduced many reforms, including strengthening the science curriculum = and=20 recruiting outstanding faculty members. He also began the extension = program,=20 which brought new knowledge to the grass roots, especially to farmers. = He=20 introduced the seminar method of teaching and inaugurated formal = post-graduate=20 study with a Ph.D. program that gave new emphasis to research. = Chamberlin=20 tightened discipline and outlawed hazing; his moral rectitude and = authoritarian=20 demeanor rubbed some regents the wrong way and irritated students even = more.=20 Yet, when rumors circulated that he was being courted by the University = of=20 Chicago, the students petitioned him to stay.

The Chicago Throne Retur= n=20 to TOC

Chamberlin was tiring of administration and = missed=20 research, so in 1892 he accepted the offer to organize a department of = geology=20 at the new University of Chicago, where he remained until retiring in = 1918.=20 Chamberlin created one of the nation's premier departments with a = distinguished=20 faculty and a strong research program. He also founded the Journal = of=20 Geology and acted as its editor for many years. Like James D. Dana = had done=20 as long-time editor of the American Journal of Science at Yale, = Chamberlin used his Journal as a podium for editorializing on = many=20 aspects of geology as well as an outlet for many of his own articles. = One of his=20 innovations was a series of =E2=80=9CStudies for Students,=E2=80=9D in = which an authority=20 provided a valuable summary of a specialized topic.

It was at Chicago that Chamberlin fully matured as a = leading=20 scholar. He soon collaborated with Moulton to develop the planetesimal=20 hypothesis and coauthored with Rollin Salisbury Geology = (1904=E2=80=931906),=20 probably the most influential textbook of geology in the United States = prior to=20 World War II, imitating the precedent of Dana's nineteenth century = Manual of=20 Geology. Although less true today with many competing books = available, a=20 single comprehensive introductory textbook then had a profound influence = upon a=20 field. The last book of similar stature was probably Arthur Holmes'=20 Principles of Physical Geology, first published in 1944.

Chamberlin's offices and honors seem countless. He was = president=20 of the Geological Society of America (1894=E2=80=931895), president of = the Wisconsin=20 (1885=E2=80=931886), Chicago (1897=E2=80=931915), and Illinois (1907) = Academies of Science,=20 president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science=20 (1908=E2=80=931909), member of the National Academy of Sciences (1903), = and the first=20 Penrose Medalist of both the Society of Economic Geologists (1924) and=20 Geological Society of America (1927). He was a member of the American=20 Philosophical Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and = received=20 six honorary degrees. In 1909, he spent five months traveling as a = member of a=20 commission to determine how the Rockefeller Foundation could best aid = China.=20 Chamberlin was still actively writing when he died in 1928.

That Moral Rectitude Retur= n=20 to TOC

T.C. Chamberlin had a commanding personality and = a great=20 physical and intellectual presence, which made him an able administrator = and an=20 inspiring, though authoritarian, teacher. He had an exceptionally keen,=20 inquiring mind and an unusual ability to present an argument. Moral = rectitude=20 characterized his entire career; he even viewed science as a moral = activity.=20 Rectitude also could make him very aggressive when challenged by others. = Because=20 of his vigorous attacks upon the views and motives of his adversaries, = his USGS=20 appointment was terminated in 1904. Although his =E2=80=9CMethod of = multiple working=20 hypotheses=E2=80=9D seemed the ideal recommendation for reasoning in a = complex science=20 with limited available evidence so as to maintain objectivity, he did = not always=20 practice what he preached. The longer he worked on his planetesimal = hypothesis,=20 the more dogmatic he became, excluding all competing hypotheses from=20 consideration so that it became just the kind of ruling hypothesis that = he had=20 railed against in 1890. The great T.C. Chamberlin was human after = all.

Figures Retur= n=20 to TOC

Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin in the 1870s (photo courtesy = University of=20 Wisconsin=E2=80=93Madison = archive).

Chamberlin on a Pleistocene geology field trip near Peoria, = Illinois,=20 1898. Left to right: S.W. Beyer (Iowa), J.A. Udden (Illinois), = Chamberlin=20 with hair now all white, S. Calvin (Iowa), and F. Leverett = (Michigan).=20 Leverett in particular extended Chamberlin's pioneering work in = glacial=20 geology (photo courtesy University of Iowa=20 archive).

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